TE HĪTORI O NGĀ WHAKAMAHINGA O TE TUNGSTEN
E whā ngā mara e kitea ai te whakamahinga o te tungsten: ngā matū, te maitai me ngā super alloys, ngā miro, me ngā carbides.
1847: E whakamahia ana ngā tote tungsten hei hanga miro tae, hei hanga hoki i ngā kākahu e whakamahia ana mō ngā mahi whakaari me ētahi atu kaupapa kia ātete ahi.
1855: I hangaia te tukanga Bessemer, ā, ka taea te hanga papatipu o te maitai. I taua wā anō, kei te hangaia ngā maitai tungsten tuatahi ki Austria.
1895: I rangahau a Thomas Edison i te kaha o ngā rauemi ki te whiti i te wā e whakaatuhia ana ki ngā hihi-X, ā, i kitea ko te konupūmā tungstate te matū tino whai hua.
1900: I whakaatuhia te maitai tere teitei, he ranunga motuhake o te maitai me te tungsten, i te Whakaaturanga o te Ao i Parī. Ka mau tonu tōna pakeke i ngā pāmahana teitei, he mea tino pai mō te whakamahi i roto i ngā taputapu me te miihini.
1903: Ko ngā miro i roto i ngā rama me ngā pōro rama te whakamahinga tuatahi o te tungsten i whakamahi i tōna ira rewa tino teitei me tōna kawe hiko. Ko te raruraru anake? I kitea i ngā whakamātautau tuatahi he pakarukaru rawa te tungsten mō te whakamahinga whānui.
1909: I angitu a William Coolidge me tana tīma i General Electric i te kitenga i tētahi tukanga e hanga ana i ngā miro tungsten ngāwari mā te whakamahana tika me te mahi miihini.
1911: I hokohokohia te Tukanga Coolidge, ā, i roto i te wā poto kua horapa ngā pūangi rama tungsten puta noa i te ao, me ngā waea tungsten ngāwari.
1913: Nā te korenga o ngā taimana ahumahi i Tiamana i te Pakanga Tuarua o te Ao, ka rapu ngā kairangahau i tētahi atu huarahi hei whakakapi i ngā taimana, e whakamahia ana hei kukume waea.
1914: "I whakapono ētahi tohunga hōia o te Hononga, i roto i ngā marama e ono ka pau katoa ngā matā o Tiamana. Kāore i roa ka kitea e ngā Hononga kei te whakanui ake a Tiamana i tana hanga matā, ā, mō tētahi wā kua hipa ake i te putanga o ngā Hononga. Ko tētahi wāhanga o te huringa ko tana whakamahinga o te maitai tere-teitei tungsten me ngā taputapu tapahi tungsten. I miharo te hunga Piritana, ko te tungsten i whakamahia, ā, i kitea i muri mai, i ahu mai i ā rātou Maina Cornish i Cornwall." – Mai i te pukapuka a KC Li i te tau 1947 "TUNGSTEN"
1923: I tukuna e tētahi kamupene pūhiko hiko Tiamana tētahi patent mō te tungsten carbide, te konganuku mārō rānei. He mea hanga mā te "whakapiripiri" i ngā konganuku tungsten monocarbide (WC) tino mārō ki roto i tētahi hanganga here o te konganuku cobalt mārō mā te sintering āhua wai.
Nā te hua i whakarerekē te hītori o te tungsten: he rauemi e whakakotahi ana i te kaha teitei, te pakari me te pakeke teitei. Inaa, he tino pakeke te tungsten carbide, ko te taimana anake te rauemi taiao ka taea te rakuraku. (Ko te carbide te whakamahinga nui rawa atu mō te tungsten i ēnei rā.)
Ngā tau 1930: I ara ake ngā tono hou mō ngā matū tungsten i roto i te umanga hinu mō te hydrotreating o ngā hinu mata.
1940: I tīmata te whanaketanga o ngā konukōrei rino, nikara, me te cobalt hei whakakī i te hiahia mō tētahi rauemi ka taea te tu atu i ngā pāmahana whakamiharo o ngā miihini rererangi.
1942: I te Pakanga Tuarua o te Ao, ko ngā Tiamana te hunga tuatahi ki te whakamahi i te matua tungsten carbide i roto i ngā pere wero pukupuku tere-teitei. I tata "rewa" ngā tāke Peretānia i te pānga o ēnei pere tungsten carbide.
1945: Ko te hokonga ā-tau o ngā rama mura e 795 miriona i te US
Ngā tau 1950: I tēnei wā, kei te tāpirihia te tungsten ki ngā superalloys hei whakapai ake i tā rātou mahi.
Ngā tau 1960: I whānau mai ngā whakakorikori hou kei roto ngā matū tungsten hei rongoā i ngā hau putanga i roto i te umanga hinu.
1964: Nā ngā whakapainga o te whai huatanga me te hanga rama mura i whakaiti i te utu o te whakarato i tētahi rahinga mārama kua whakaritea mā te toru tekau tau, ki te whakarite ki te utu i te whakaurunga o te pūnaha rama a Edison.
2000: I tēnei wā, e 20 piriona mita te roa o te waea rama e tōia ana i ia tau, he roa e rite ana ki te 50 ngā wā o te tawhiti o te whenua-marama. E 4% me te 5% o te katoa o te hanga tungsten e pau ana i te rama.
TUNGSTEN I TĒNEI RĀ
I ēnei rā, he whānui rawa te whakamahinga o te tungsten carbide, ā, ko ōna whakamahinga ko te tapahi whakarewa, te miihini rakau, te kirihou, te hanga rauemi, me te hanga uku ngohengohe, te hanga kore maramara (wera me te makariri), te keri maina, te hanga whare, te keri toka, ngā wāhanga hanganga, ngā wāhanga kakahu me ngā wāhanga hōia.
Ka whakamahia hoki ngā koranu maitai tungsten hei hanga i ngā pūwero miihini rōkete, me whai āhuatanga ātete wera pai. Ka whakamahia ngā koranu-rahi kei roto ko te tungsten hei hanga i ngā mata tāpoi me ngā wāhanga me ngā paninga ātete-kakahu.
Heoi, i taua wā anō, kua mutu te mana o te pūrama rama incandescent i muri i te 132 tau, i te mea kua tīmata te whakakore haere i ēnei i te US me Canada.
Te wā tuku: Hurae-29-2021
